Vertigo is a neurological symptom characterized by a false sensation of movement, typically described as spinning or rotational dizziness. It arises due to dysfunction in the vestibular system, which includes the inner ear, vestibular nerve, brainstem, and cerebellum. Vertigo is broadly classified into peripheral and central types. Peripheral vertigo is more common and often caused by conditions such as Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, Meniere's Disease, and vestibular neuritis. Central vertigo results from lesions in the brain, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, or tumors.

Clinically, vertigo may be associated with nausea, vomiting, imbalance, nystagmus, and hearing disturbances (in peripheral causes). Diagnosis involves detailed history, physical examination (including Dix-Hallpike maneuver), and imaging like MRI when central causes are suspected.

Management depends on the underlying cause. BPPV is treated with repositioning maneuvers (e.g., Epley maneuver), while vestibular suppressants like antihistamines may be used for symptom relief. Central vertigo requires treatment of the primary neurological disorder. Early identification is essential to prevent complications and improve patient quality of life.